===================================== Date and Time Functions and Operators ===================================== Date and Time Operators ----------------------- ======== ===================================================== =========================== Operator Example Result ======== ===================================================== =========================== ``+`` ``date '2012-08-08' + interval '2' day`` ``2012-08-10`` ``+`` ``time '01:00' + interval '3' hour`` ``04:00:00.000`` ``+`` ``timestamp '2012-08-08 01:00' + interval '29' hour`` ``2012-08-09 06:00:00.000`` ``+`` ``timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00' + interval '1' month`` ``2012-11-30 01:00:00.000`` ``+`` ``interval '2' day + interval '3' hour`` ``2 03:00:00.000`` ``+`` ``interval '3' year + interval '5' month`` ``3-5`` ``-`` ``date '2012-08-08' - interval '2' day`` ``2012-08-06`` ``-`` ``time '01:00' - interval '3' hour`` ``22:00:00.000`` ``-`` ``timestamp '2012-08-08 01:00' - interval '29' hour`` ``2012-08-06 20:00:00.000`` ``-`` ``timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00' - interval '1' month`` ``2012-09-30 01:00:00.000`` ``-`` ``interval '2' day - interval '3' hour`` ``1 21:00:00.000`` ``-`` ``interval '3' year - interval '5' month`` ``2-7`` ======== ===================================================== =========================== Time Zone Conversion -------------------- The ``AT TIME ZONE`` operator sets the time zone of a timestamp:: SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC'; 2012-10-31 01:00:00.000 UTC SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles'; 2012-10-30 18:00:00.000 America/Los_Angeles Date and Time Functions ----------------------- .. function:: current_date -> date Returns the current date as of the start of the query. .. function:: current_time -> time with time zone Returns the current time as of the start of the query. .. function:: current_timestamp -> timestamp with time zone Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query. .. function:: current_timezone() -> varchar Returns the current time zone in the format defined by IANA (e.g., ``America/Los_Angeles``) or as fixed offset from UTC (e.g., ``+08:35``) .. function:: from_iso8601_timestamp(string) -> timestamp with time zone Parses the ISO 8601 formatted ``string`` into a ``timestamp with time zone``. .. function:: from_iso8601_date(string) -> date Parses the ISO 8601 formatted ``string`` into a ``date``. .. function:: from_unixtime(unixtime) -> timestamp Returns the UNIX timestamp ``unixtime`` as a timestamp. .. function:: from_unixtime(unixtime, string) -> timestamp with time zone Returns the UNIX timestamp ``unixtime`` as a timestamp with time zone using ``string`` for the time zone. .. function:: from_unixtime(unixtime, hours, minutes) -> timestamp with time zone Returns the UNIX timestamp ``unixtime`` as a timestamp with time zone using ``hours`` and ``minutes`` for the time zone offset. .. function:: localtime -> time Returns the current time as of the start of the query. .. function:: localtimestamp -> timestamp Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query. .. function:: now() -> timestamp with time zone This is an alias for ``current_timestamp``. .. function:: to_iso8601(x) -> varchar Formats ``x`` as an ISO 8601 string. ``x`` can be date, timestamp, or timestamp with time zone. .. function:: to_unixtime(timestamp) -> double Returns ``timestamp`` as a UNIX timestamp. .. note:: The following SQL-standard functions do not use parenthesis: - ``current_date`` - ``current_time`` - ``current_timestamp`` - ``localtime`` - ``localtimestamp`` Truncation Function ------------------- The ``date_trunc`` function supports the following units: =========== =========================== Unit Example Truncated Value =========== =========================== ``second`` ``2001-08-22 03:04:05.000`` ``minute`` ``2001-08-22 03:04:00.000`` ``hour`` ``2001-08-22 03:00:00.000`` ``day`` ``2001-08-22 00:00:00.000`` ``week`` ``2001-08-20 00:00:00.000`` ``month`` ``2001-08-01 00:00:00.000`` ``quarter`` ``2001-07-01 00:00:00.000`` ``year`` ``2001-01-01 00:00:00.000`` =========== =========================== The above examples use the timestamp ``2001-08-22 03:04:05.321`` as the input. .. function:: date_trunc(unit, x) -> [same as input] Returns ``x`` truncated to ``unit``. Interval Functions ------------------ The functions in this section support the following interval units: ================= ================== Unit Description ================= ================== ``millisecond`` Milliseconds ``second`` Seconds ``minute`` Minutes ``hour`` Hours ``day`` Days ``week`` Weeks ``month`` Months ``quarter`` Quarters of a year ``year`` Years ================= ================== .. function:: date_add(unit, value, timestamp) -> [same as input] Adds an interval ``value`` of type ``unit`` to ``timestamp``. Subtraction can be performed by using a negative value. .. function:: date_diff(unit, timestamp1, timestamp2) -> bigint Returns ``timestamp2 - timestamp1`` expressed in terms of ``unit``. MySQL Date Functions -------------------- The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible with the MySQL ``date_parse`` and ``str_to_date`` functions. The following table, based on the MySQL manual, describes the format specifiers: ========= =========== Specifier Description ========= =========== ``%a`` Abbreviated weekday name (``Sun`` .. ``Sat``) ``%b`` Abbreviated month name (``Jan`` .. ``Dec``) ``%c`` Month, numeric (``0`` .. ``12``) ``%D`` Day of the month with English suffix (``0th``, ``1st``, ``2nd``, ``3rd``, ...) ``%d`` Day of the month, numeric (``00`` .. ``31``) ``%e`` Day of the month, numeric (``0`` .. ``31``) ``%f`` Fraction of second (6 digits for printing: ``000000`` .. ``999000``; 1 - 9 digits for parsing: ``0`` .. ``999999999`` [#f]_) ``%H`` Hour (``00`` .. ``23``) ``%h`` Hour (``01`` .. ``12``) ``%I`` Hour (``01`` .. ``12``) ``%i`` Minutes, numeric (``00`` .. ``59``) ``%j`` Day of year (``001`` .. ``366``) ``%k`` Hour (``0`` .. ``23``) ``%l`` Hour (``1`` .. ``12``) ``%M`` Month name (``January`` .. ``December``) ``%m`` Month, numeric (``00`` .. ``12``) ``%p`` ``AM`` or ``PM`` ``%r`` Time, 12-hour (``hh:mm:ss`` followed by ``AM`` or ``PM``) ``%S`` Seconds (``00`` .. ``59``) ``%s`` Seconds (``00`` .. ``59``) ``%T`` Time, 24-hour (``hh:mm:ss``) ``%U`` Week (``00`` .. ``53``), where Sunday is the first day of the week ``%u`` Week (``00`` .. ``53``), where Monday is the first day of the week ``%V`` Week (``01`` .. ``53``), where Sunday is the first day of the week; used with ``%X`` ``%v`` Week (``01`` .. ``53``), where Monday is the first day of the week; used with ``%x`` ``%W`` Weekday name (``Sunday`` .. ``Saturday``) ``%w`` Day of the week (``0`` .. ``6``), where Sunday is the first day of the week ``%X`` Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with ``%V`` ``%x`` Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with ``%v`` ``%Y`` Year, numeric, four digits ``%y`` Year, numeric (two digits) [#y]_ ``%%`` A literal ``%`` character ``%x`` ``x``, for any ``x`` not listed above ========= =========== .. [#f] Timestamp is truncated to milliseconds. .. [#y] When parsing, two-digit year format assumes range ``1970`` .. ``2069``, so "70" will result in year ``1970`` but "69" will produce ``2069``. .. warning:: The following specifiers are not currently supported: ``%D %U %u %V %w %X`` .. function:: date_format(timestamp, format) -> varchar Formats ``timestamp`` as a string using ``format``. .. function:: date_parse(string, format) -> timestamp Parses ``string`` into a timestamp using ``format``. Java Date Functions ------------------- The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible with JodaTime's `DateTimeFormat`_ pattern format. .. _DateTimeFormat: http://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html .. function:: format_datetime(timestamp, format) -> varchar Formats ``timestamp`` as a string using ``format``. .. function:: parse_datetime(string, format) -> timestamp with time zone Parses ``string`` into a timestamp with time zone using ``format``. Extraction Function ------------------- The ``extract`` function supports the following fields: =================== =========== Field Description =================== =========== ``YEAR`` :func:`year` ``QUARTER`` :func:`quarter` ``MONTH`` :func:`month` ``WEEK`` :func:`week` ``DAY`` :func:`day` ``DAY_OF_MONTH`` :func:`day` ``DAY_OF_WEEK`` :func:`day_of_week` ``DOW`` :func:`day_of_week` ``DAY_OF_YEAR`` :func:`day_of_year` ``DOY`` :func:`day_of_year` ``YEAR_OF_WEEK`` :func:`year_of_week` ``YOW`` :func:`year_of_week` ``HOUR`` :func:`hour` ``MINUTE`` :func:`minute` ``SECOND`` :func:`second` ``TIMEZONE_HOUR`` :func:`timezone_hour` ``TIMEZONE_MINUTE`` :func:`timezone_minute` =================== =========== The types supported by the ``extract`` function vary depending on the field to be extracted. Most fields support all date and time types. .. function:: extract(field FROM x) -> bigint Returns ``field`` from ``x``. .. note:: This SQL-standard function uses special syntax for specifying the arguments. Convenience Extraction Functions -------------------------------- .. function:: day(x) -> bigint Returns the day of the month from ``x``. .. function:: day_of_month(x) -> bigint This is an alias for :func:`day`. .. function:: day_of_week(x) -> bigint Returns the ISO day of the week from ``x``. The value ranges from ``1`` (Monday) to ``7`` (Sunday). .. function:: day_of_year(x) -> bigint Returns the day of the year from ``x``. The value ranges from ``1`` to ``366``. .. function:: dow(x) -> bigint This is an alias for :func:`day_of_week`. .. function:: doy(x) -> bigint This is an alias for :func:`day_of_year`. .. function:: hour(x) -> bigint Returns the hour of the day from ``x``. The value ranges from ``0`` to ``23``. .. function:: minute(x) -> bigint Returns the minute of the hour from ``x``. .. function:: month(x) -> bigint Returns the month of the year from ``x``. .. function:: quarter(x) -> bigint Returns the quarter of the year from ``x``. The value ranges from ``1`` to ``4``. .. function:: second(x) -> bigint Returns the second of the hour from ``x``. .. function:: timezone_hour(timestamp) -> bigint Returns the hour of the time zone offset from ``timestamp``. .. function:: timezone_minute(timestamp) -> bigint Returns the minute of the time zone offset from ``timestamp``. .. function:: week(x) -> bigint Returns the `ISO week`_ of the year from ``x``. The value ranges from ``1`` to ``53``. .. _ISO week: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date .. function:: week_of_year(x) -> bigint This is an alias for :func:`week`. .. function:: year(x) -> bigint Returns the year from ``x``. .. function:: year_of_week(x) -> bigint Returns the year of the `ISO week`_ from ``x``. .. function:: yow(x) -> bigint This is an alias for :func:`year_of_week`.